What is the Diaspora Thinking?

The Armenian Diaspora Survey published the results of the research conducted in 2021 and 2022. During the three-rounds of the survey starting in 2019, over 12,000 Armenians in more 50 diaspora communities in ten countries provided their views and opinions on questions of identity, language, culture, community and political engagement, and relations with Armenia.  

This unprecedented cutting-edge research is a project funded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, under the auspices of the Armenian Institute in London, and is led by a group of international scholars and researchers. 

“The Armenian diaspora is multifaceted, complex and geographically spread around the world. Yet, the main subject around which virtually all themes in diasporic life orbit is ‘Armenian identity’”, said ADS director Dr. Hratch Tchilingirian of University of Oxford.  

Unlike a few decades ago, in contemporary times, “one generalization we could make based on our research is that Armenian identity is largely self-defined, fluid and personalized,” explained Dr. Tchilingirian. “Armenians living in the same country or in the same state or city could have different perceptions and understanding of ‘Armenianness’, depending on multiple variables, such as family upbringing, community, personal preferences, so on.” 

The results of both the 2021 survey conducted in Belgium, Paris, United Kingdom and Rostov on Don and the 2022 survey in the United States and Ontario, Canada are publicly available and could be downloaded for free from the ADS website. The previous round was completed in 2019 in Argentina, Lebanon, Montreal and Romania. 

ADS fills a critical gap in the knowledge of the Diaspora and provides evidence-based understanding of the multi-layered and diverse aspects of diasporic life. The results are used to inform the public, scholars, policy-makers and community leaders about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the Armenian world in the 21st century. 

"We are pleased that this systematic survey that covers a vast geography of the Armenian Diaspora has been successfully completed and the results are published,” said Dr. Razmik Panossian, Director of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation’s Armenian Communities Department. “Understanding the Diaspora is a crucial part of our mandate to support Armenian Studies globally. We look forward to building on this research and enhancing its impact on policy development. I thank the ADS team and all the people involved with the project and its success,” Panossian added. 

More substantive final reports will follow, which will include short chapters on the results of each of the communities in the survey.

2022 North America Survey Completed

The Armenian Diaspora Survey in North America started on 6 May and concluded on 31 July.  ADS teams in London, Brussels, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York, Toronto, and Yerevan thank everyone who took part in the survey.

ADS is grateful to the local researchers, advisory committees, all community organizations and institutions for their significant contributions to the success of the fieldwork in North America. 

The results of this round of the survey will be published on this website in 2023 (here).  

Major research on Diaspora public opinion to be launched in North America

Preparations are underway for the launch of the Armenian Diaspora Survey in North America, which will be carried out from May to July 2022 in the United States and Ontario, Canada.

The Armenian Diaspora Survey (ADS), an initiative of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, is led by a group of scholars and researchers under the auspices of the Armenian Institute in London.   

The study provides valuable insights into diaspora public opinion and an important snapshot of people’s thoughts on a host of issues. It offers evidence-based knowledge to the public and valuable data to community leaders, activists and policymakers in particular, giving them a better understanding and analysis of their communities for the development of programs and projects. 

“In our research, we ask the respondents their thoughts and views on identity and related issues of belonging. Other themes include language and culture, church and religion, community engagement and relations with Armenia,” explained ADS director Dr. Hratch Tchilingirian of Oxford University.

Any Armenian, aged 18 and older, living in the US and Ontario, Canada can take the survey online, starting on May 6th. Printed questionnaires will also be available to those who wish to complete it offline.  

ADS started with a pilot study in 2018. So far, the survey has been carried out in 10 countries and in over 20 diaspora communities.  

“We are pleased this multi-country systematic survey is coming to North America,” said Dr. Razmik Panossian, director of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation’s Armenian Communities Department. “Given the enormous challenges facing Armenia and Armenians, this research will have tangible policy consequences,” he added.  

The results of the 2018 and 2019 studies have been published separately. In addition to English, the 2019 study is also available in Armenian and Spanish. All of the reports can be downloaded for free online.

Over 3500 Diasporans in Europe take part in the Armenian Diaspora Survey

The fieldwork for the Armenian Diaspora Survey (ADS), a research project studying public opinion in diaspora communities, concluded successfully in over two dozen cities in Belgium, Britain, Paris/Île-de-France and Rostov-on-Don.  Over 3500 Armenians took part in this innovative research project.  

ADS is initiated and funded by the Armenian Communities Department of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and is carried out under the auspices of the Armenian Institute in London. 

“Our team is now processing the large data that has been collected,” said ADS director Dr. Hratch Tchilingirian of University of Oxford, adding that “more than 60 people were involved in the research in various capacities and at different stages of the fieldwork.”  In addition to a core of academics and experts who lead the research, “we had local advisory and research teams in each country and engaged with a wide range of local community organizations,” explained Dr. Tchilingirian.  

ADS aims to provide a snapshot of the contemporary Diaspora. The project fills a critical gap in the knowledge of the Diaspora and provides evidence-based understanding of the multilayered and diverse aspects of diasporic life.  

The results and full data of the survey conducted in Belgium, Britain, Paris/Île-de-France and Rostov-on-Don will be available to the general public, scholars and institutions sometime in early 2022. It will be published on the ADS. 

The full results of previous years’ surveys, conducted in 2018 and 2019, are available on the ADS website and could be downloaded for free.

Major research on Diaspora public opinion relaunched

The Armenian Diaspora Survey begins in four countries on 12 April 

The Diaspora survey will be carried out this Spring in Armenian communities in Britain (especially London, Manchester, Birmingham), Paris and its environs, Belgium (especially Brussels and Antwerp) and Rostov-on-Don, Russia.   

The Armenian Diaspora Survey (ADS) is an initiative of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, led by a group of scholars and researchers under the auspices of the Armenian Institute in London.   

The study provides valuable insights into diaspora public opinion and an important snapshot of people’s thoughts on a host of issues. It offers evidence-based knowledge to the public and valuable data to community leaders, activists and policy makers in particular, giving them a better understanding and analysis of their communities for the development of programmes and projects. 

ADS director Dr. Hratch Tchilingirian of Oxford University explained: “In our research we ask the respondents their thoughts and views on identity and related issues of belonging—as Armenians and as citizens of different countries. Other themes include language and culture, church and religion, community engagement, relations with Armenia, the pandemic and the Artsakh war.” The last two themes have been added in this year’s questionnaire.  

“We encourage all members of the communities in this round of the study to take part in the survey,” appealed Tchilingirian.  Any Armenian, aged 16 and older, living in Belgium, Britain, greater Paris and Rostov-on-Don can take the survey online, starting on 12th April, by visiting www.armeniansdiasporasurvey.com. Printed questionnaires are available to those who wish to complete it offline.  

ADS started with a pilot study in 2018 in four communities: Boston, Cairo, Marseille and Pasadena. Following the successful pilot, in 2019 four more communities were surveyed: Argentina, Lebanon, Canada (Montreal) and Romania.  The communities in the current survey were to be studied in 2020, but the fieldwork was postponed due to the pandemic and the second Artsakh war last year.  In the Fall of this year, plans are underway to survey communities in North America. This would complete the three-year cycle of the project.  

“We are pleased that this multi-country systematic survey of the Diaspora is now underway,” said Dr. Razmik Panossian, Director of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation’s Armenian Communities Department. “This research project has very tangible policy consequences, especially in view of the enormous challenges Armenia and Armenians currently face,” he added.   

The results of the 2018 and 2019 studies have been published separately. In addition to English, the 2019 study is also available in Armenian and Spanish. All of the reports could be downloaded for free from here.

 

Survey of 3000 Armenians provides a snapshot of opinions in the Diaspora

LONDON (03.08.2020)—The results of a major research on public opinion in Diaspora communities will be formally launched at an online event on 5 September. 

The Armenian Diaspora Survey (ADS)—the first of a three-year study project—was held in four communities in 2019: Argentina, Lebanon, Canada (Montreal) and Romania. The fieldwork took place between September and December 2019, 3000 Armenians took part in the study.

“The Armenian Diaspora Survey is an attempt to study the opinions of Armenians living in various communities around the world and aims to explore the ‘ingredients’ of being Armenian in the 21st century,” said ADS director Dr. Hratch Tchilingirian of University of Oxford.

The research provides a snapshot of the contemporary Diaspora by studying public opinions on identity, language and culture, community engagement, and relations with Armenia.

ADS is funded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and is carried out by a team of experts under the auspices of the Armenian Institute in London.

“We are pleased that this multi-country systematic survey of the Diaspora has been done with extensive fieldwork and large participation,” said Dr. Razmik Panossian, Director of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation’s Armenian Communities Department. “I thank all the people who were involved with and supported this research project,” he added.

The 175-page full results of the 2019 study will be available for downloading for free from the ADS website: www.armeniandiasporasurvey.com.

The launch will be live streamed on Saturday, 5 September 2020 at 15:00h London time (Beirut & Bucharest 21:00h; Yerevan 18:00h; Buenos Aires 10:00h;  Montreal & New York 10:00h; Los Angeles 07:00h) on www.facebook.com/armsurvey and Youtube: shorturl.at/dzY47

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Nearly 3000 Armenians took part in ADS 2019

LONDON — Nearly 3000 Diaspora Armenians in 17 cities in four countries took part in ADS 2019, which was launched in September 2019 in Argentina, Canada (Montreal), Lebanon and Romania.

“Over 100 people were involved with this project in one way or another,” explained ADS director Dr. Hratch Tchilingirian of University of Oxford. In addition to a core of academics and researchers who lead the research, “this year we set up local advisory and research teams in each place and engaged all community organizations in a given country in the process of organizing the fieldwork,” said Dr. Tchilingirian.

ADS aims to provide a snapshot of the contemporary Diaspora by studying opinions on identity, language and culture, community and political engagement, and relations with Armenia.

“The ADS results would provide useful data to institutional and community leaders in the Diaspora and policy-makers in Armenia,” said Dr. Tchilingirian, “it will give them an idea as to what the thinking is in each community and generally in the Diaspora on a host of subjects and issues.”

The data and the knowledge gained from this year’s survey will be available to the general public, scholars and institutions during the first quarter of 2020, which will be published on the ADS website.

“We are pleased that the second year of this multi-country systematic survey of the Diaspora has been concluded with extensive fieldwork and large participation,” said Dr. Razmik Panossian, Director of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation’s Armenian Communities Department. “A crucial part of our mandate is to support Armenian Studies globally, a vital element of which is understanding the Diaspora. I thank all the people who were involved with and supported the ADS this year,” he added.

The full results of last year’s Pilot Survey, conducted in May and June 2018 in Boston, Cairo, Marseille and Pasadena, was published earlier this year in a 150-page report and could be downloaded for free from this website.

Diaspora survey provides a snapshot of Armenians in the 21st century

LONDON—Over 1000 Armenians in four cities in the Diaspora took part in a first ever survey led by a team of academics, researchers and experts. This pilot phase of an ongoing larger project aims to provide a snapshot of the contemporary Diaspora.   

The Armenian Diaspora Survey (ADS) is a new initiative launched and funded by the Armenian Communities Department of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and carried out under the auspices of the Armenian Institute in London.   

“We have initiated this study to fill a critical gap in our knowledge of the Diaspora, to have evidence-based understanding of the multilayered and diverse aspects of diasporic life in our times,” said Dr. Razmik Panossian, Director of Gulbenkian Foundation’s  Armenian Communities Department.  

In May and June 2018 four teams conducted the survey and interviews in Boston, Cairo, Marseille and Pasadena.  These cities were chosen to provide variety for the initial phase, as well as for their community history and characteristics.  A set of other cities are in the process of selection for survey this year. 

“We asked people about their thoughts on identity and related issues of belonging as Armenians and as citizens of different states,” explained Dr. Susan Pattie, who led the pilot project.  An international advisory committee, a dedicated team and 12 field work researchers were involved in the project, which took about 18 months to develop the methodology, research tools, fieldwork preparations, survey administration and data processing.   

For institutional and community leaders in the Diaspora, as well as policy-makers in Armenia, ADS provides valuable research-based information as to what the issues and thinking in the Armenian communities are today and how to serve their needs.     

The data and the knowledge gained from the survey will be available to scholars as a resource for further research. 

Some initial findings stand out in the first stage of the research. These are only preliminary results from the pilot phase of the survey in four cities.  

The overwhelming majority of the respondents consider the continuation of the Armenian diaspora as important and meaningful space—94% marked as “fairly” to “very” important. Along these lines, 84% of respondents felt it was important to help diaspora communities in the Middle East. This is significant as traditionally the Genocide and the Republic of Armenia have been the focus of funding, study or discourse in the Diaspora.  The respondents showed interest in all of these, but considered the diaspora equally important.  Armenia is “fairly” and “very” important to 90% of respondents and 75% have visited the country at least once, while 93% intend to visit. 

Respondents said that Armenian language, history and religion were important to themselves and to Armenian identity generally—but variations appeared between the cities and further questions revealed broad variations in practice.   

Even as ADS respondents in the four cities seem to be more active than perhaps a broader population of Armenians, 73% claimed no active affiliation with any Armenian political organization. However a majority said they were active in other Armenian organizations such as the AGBU, Hamazkain and others.  

Predictably, Christianity is considered an important part of Armenian identity—for Apostolic, Evangelical and Catholic respondents across the four communities. While only 14-16% attended church weekly or monthly, 70% felt it is important to be married in an Armenian church. Some 43% of respondents felt that women should be ordained in Armenian churches, while 30% had no opinion on the matter.   

“Armenians in each community expressed the need to be listened to. They welcomed the opportunity to discuss their experiences, expectations and hopes as individuals and as Armenians,” explained Dr. Pattie. Many ways of being Armenian were reflected in the responses and for those who took part. “Expressing this diversity within a common bond was most important,” Dr. Pattie added.  

The survey will continue in 2019 with a new set of selected cities.  In the meantime, the results of the pilot survey are being studies and analyzed, which will be shared with the public and will be made easily accessible in the coming months.  Further details are on ADS website: www.armeniandiasporasurvey.com.  

Introduction to Initial Results of the Pilot Project

Susan Pattie, Leader, Pilot Project, Armenian Diaspora Survey.

When our teams visited the 4 cities of Boston, Cairo, Marseille and Pasadena, one question kept reappearing in each place.  What is this FOR?  Why are you doing a survey? 

We, the ADS team, are driven by curiosity and long-term interest, as well as a certain love of the diaspora as our home – but over these 18 months of the Pilot Project, we have shifted from taking our aims for granted to a clearer look at the motivations behind this study. 

The Armenian Diaspora Survey aims to gather clear and tangible information about the contemporary diaspora. Asking Armenians about their thoughts about Armenian identity and related issues of belonging as Armenians and as citizens of different states, we seek to create a resource that gives a voice to those taking part and which forms a snapshot of the diaspora today.  This is the first time that such a study has been done on this scale with extensive team-work and expertise behind it. The data and its analysis can be used by scholars for better understanding and as a foundation for further research. It can also be used by leaders of the diaspora and of the Republic of Armenia for practical information about how to effectively serve Armenian communities.  

 What have we learned from the Pilot Project of the ADS?  With substantial results of over 800 questionnaires and 200 interviews, there is much to consider.  Given the many million Armenians in the diaspora, this is a small percentage of those whom we hope will take part over time but the Pilot has helped us to formulate questions, re-formulate, and listen to people’s thoughts. We will present and discuss what we’ve found so far in regular blogs and articles but here are a few thoughts to begin with. 

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 The continuation of the Armenian diaspora as an important and meaningful space was marked as “fairly” to “very” important  by 94% of respondents, making this the most “unanimous” of answers across the communities.  In line with this, 84% of respondents felt it was important to help diaspora communities in the Middle East. This is significant as so often the focus of funding, of study, of general attention seems to be either the Genocide or the Republic of Armenia.  The respondents showed that they are interested in all of these and that the diaspora is equally important.  The Republic of Armenia is “fairly” to “very” important to 90% of respondents and 75% have visited at least once.  93% intend to visit (again for some). 

 Unsurprisingly, respondents said that Armenian language, history and religion were important to themselves and to Armenian identity generally  – but variations appeared between the cities and further questions revealed broad variations in practice.  Although our set of respondents in the 4 cities seem to be more active than perhaps a broader population of Armenians, 73% claimed no active affiliation with any Armenian political organization. However a majority said they were active in other Armenian organizations such as the AGBU or Hamazkaine or others. Christianity was believed to be an important part of Armenian identity (including Apostolic, Evangelical and Catholic respondents across the 4 communities) but 14-16% attended church weekly or monthly while 70% felt it is important to be married in an Armenian church. Some 43% of respondents felt that women should be ordained in Armenian churches while 30% had no opinion. These topics and others will be discussed and contextualized in future blogs.

 Overwhelmingly, Armenians in each community told us what our purpose was – to listen to them, to give them an opportunity to talk about their past and future as individuals and as Armenians.  Many ways of being Armenian were reflected in the responses and for those who took part, expressing this diversity within a common bond was most important. Of course, there were also many similar responses but among the open-ended questions, responses ranged greatly.

The Survey will continue in 2019, visiting new cities. Meanwhile, we are studying and analyzing the results of the 2018 Pilot, learning how to improve our methods.  Over the next weeks we will be posting some interesting results from the questionnaires, raising questions about the different shapes that "belonging" takes for each of us.  Stay tuned!

 

The Survey is funded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon whose mission includes supporting research and education.  It is administered by the Armenian Institute, London.

Armenian diaspora studies takes a new turn

Leon Aslanov

As we began the Armenian Diaspora Survey, one aim was to uncover as much of the work done about the Armenian diaspora as possible. Material written about the Armenia diaspora is rich and diverse, but scattered all across the globe. Up until then, there was no single database of such works to which academics, students, and interested individuals could refer. And so began my endeavor to plough through university websites and academic databases, and to get in touch with various individuals in the field of Armenian studies, in order to begin forming the first collection of works about the Armenian diaspora in one place. These include academic articles, books, and dissertations (Master’s and PhD). All the works are available in PDF format. In this way we hope to make these works more accessible and useful for our own study of the diaspora but also so they can be used more easily by others as a foundation for their own work, rather than reinventing the wheel.

My knowledge of various languages finally came to be of practical use. My initial task was to find material in English, French, Turkish and Eastern/Western Armenian, moving on to Russian later on. Much of the English and French-language material was easily accessible through searches on global academic websites and university databases (despite some of the obstacles faced when encountering the protectionism of certain universities). I noticed that the English-language works touched upon a diverse range of Armenian communities, from both within and outside of the Anglophone world. The French-language research papers, in contrast, were almost entirely focused on exploring the Armenian communities of France. The resplendent diversity of the English-language research was complemented by the rich and in-depth research related to the history, culture and identities of Armenians in France.

I found the differences in approach between Armenian-American and Armenian-French researchers interesting. I came across several pieces of research from the US that employed more rigorous social science methods (quantitative and qualitative) to investigate Armenian communities there, particularly from the West Coast. The French papers, on the other hand, were more descriptive and analytical in nature; some almost read like a novel narrating the story of the Armenian communities in France.

There was also a surprising number of works that focused solely on the issue of acculturative stress among Armenians in the US. These works merged psychology and the social sciences to investigate the nature of Armenian integration into American society, and the psychological stress caused by cultural and inter-generational differences. This was a topic that seemed to be popular in the US, but was rarely touched upon in any of the other countries.

Moving on to Turkish. The Armenians of Turkey could hardly be called a diasporic group, however, they reside in a country where they exist as a small minority, and so issues regarding identity, integration and assimilation are highly pertinent, just like in Armenian communities across the diaspora. My search in Turkish brought up an astonishing number of research papers (over 65) conducted by Armenians, Turks and Kurds in Turkey. The majority of these works focused on local Armenians across Turkey, migrants who had moved from Armenia to Turkey, and also the so-called “Islamised” Armenians. Despite a number of evident obstacles imposed by universities and the Turkish state on writing freely about Armenians in Turkey (especially when it comes to mentioning genocide and the memory of genocide), the papers in Turkish provide an extremely valuable insight into what researchers in Turkey regard as important when it comes to Armenians. Memory and identity were topics that continuously came up in my search. The fact that so many students in Turkey who were not Armenians (evident from their names[1]) was in itself revealing and a significant discovery.

As for the Armenian-language works, these can be largely divided into three groups: Eastern Armenian papers composed by students at universities in Armenia, Eastern Armenian books written by researchers funded by the Ministry of Diaspora, or Western Armenian works were mostly written by students from Lebanon, especially from the Haigazian University.

Finally, the Russian-language works, naturally, explored Armenian communities in the post-Soviet space, a somewhat strange category of “Armenian diaspora” that is able to continue to feel at home away from home, in a kind of “Soviet continuum”.

This collection gives researchers access to an abundance of material that is especially conducive to comparative research of Armenian diaspora communities. The variety in the research is not only connected to the focuses on different Armenian localities, but it also consists of a variety of academic, social, and personal perspectives from which these works were composed.

I hope that this bibliography will continue to grow and incorporate more languages, more communities, and more perspectives. I believe that this collection will herald a new development in Armenian and diaspora studies. The opportunities for comparison and analysis have now been expanded.

[1] Armenians in Turkey sometimes have Turkified surnames (although not always), but they normally hold on to “Christian”, “European”, or Armenian first names (e.g. Monika or Sevan). Names belonging to ethnic Turks are often easily identifiable if the first name relates to Islamic tradition (e.g. Zeynep or Mustafa) or if both first name and surname are of Turkish origin.